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OP184 Folha de dados(PDF) 2 Page - Analog Devices |
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OP184 Folha de dados(HTML) 2 Page - Analog Devices |
2 / 3 page CN-0174 Circuit Note Rev. A | Page 2 of 3 and output rail-to-rail operation. A low noise op amp is required because the op amp output noise will feed through to the RF output, shaped by the active filter response. Input rail-to-rail operation is also a very important consideration for PLL active filters as it allows the use of a single op amp supply. This is because the charge pump output (CPOUT) will start at 0 V on power-up, which can cause problems for op amps that do not have rail-to-rail input voltage ranges. This also allows the noninverting input of the op amp to be biased at a voltage above ground with built-in margin to any changes in the bias voltage due to resistor mismatch or temperature change. It is recommended to set the bias voltage level to approximately half the charge pump supply (VP), as this meets both the input voltage range requirements with plenty of margin and gives best charge pump spur performance. Measurements for this circuit note were taken with VP = 5 V and op amp common- mode bias = 2.2 V. To help minimize any reference noise feed- through, a large decoupling capacitor of 1µF was placed close to the noninverting op amp input pin as shown in Figure 1. This capacitor with the 47 kΩ resistor forms an RC filter with a cut-off below 10 Hz. Loop Filter Design The PLL loop filter design was done using Analog Devices free simulation tool, ADIsimPLL. This tool allows the design and simulation of several passive and active PLL loop filter topologies and has a library of Analog Devices op amps built in, which include the important op amp specifications such as voltage and current noise, input offset and bias currents, and voltage supply range. The simulation tool accurately predicts PLL closed loop phase noise and is able to model the effect of op amp noise along with the noise of the other PLL loop components. The ADIsimPLL simulation design file for this circuit note can be found at www.analog.com/CN0174_ADIsimPLL. An inverting topology with pre-filtering was chosen. Pre-filtering is advisable so as not to overdrive the amplifier with the very short current pulses from the charge pump—which could slew rate-limit the input voltage. When using the inverting topology, it is important to make sure that the PLL IC allows the PFD polarity to be inverted, canceling out the op amp’s inversion, and driving the VCO with the correct polarity. The ADF4156 PLL has this PD polarity option. Setup and Measurement The settings used for the circuit are given in Table 1. Measured results are shown in Figure 2 versus the simulated performance as predicted by ADIsimPLL. As can be seen the results agree quite well. The measured integrated phase noise is 0.35 ps rms. The measurement setup is shown in Figure 3. Table 1. Test Measurement Settings Parameter Value Unit RF Frequency 12 GHz ADF4156 RF input frequency 3 GHz PLL Loop Filter Bandwidth 30 kHz Reference Input Frequency 100 MHz PFD Frequency 25 MHz Charge Pump Setting 5 mA PD Polarity Bit Negative Noise Mode Low Noise The performance of this or any high speed circuit is highly dependent on proper PCB layout. This includes, but is not limited to, power supply bypassing, controlled impedance lines (where required), component placement, signal routing, power and ground planes. (See MT-031 Tutorial, MT-101Tutorial, and article, A Practical Guide to High-Speed Printed-Circuit-Board Layout, for more detailed information regarding PCB layout.) –60 –70 –80 –90 –100 –110 –120 –130 –140 –150 –160 100 100M 10M 1M 100k 10k 1k FREQUENCY OFFSET FROM CARRIER (Hz) ADIsimPLL SIMULATED PHASE NOISE MEASURED PHASE NOISE Figure 2. Measured vs. Simulated Phase Noise Performance of the 12 GHz PLL COMMON VARIATIONS There are several active loop filter topologies available in ADIsimPLL, using both inverting or non-inverting op amp configurations. The phase noise trade-offs can be investigated in ADIsimPLL. The inverting topology allows you to obtain output voltages as low as the minimum output voltage of the op amp, which can be as low as 125 mV for the OP184. In contrast to the non-inverting topology where the output voltage is limited to the minimum charge pump voltage (0.5 V) multiplied by the non-inverting gain. |
Nº de peça semelhante - OP184 |
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Descrição semelhante - OP184 |
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